Carpet raw materials

Wool, fluff, yarn and silk fibers dyed with natural or chemical materials are the raw materials of the carpet. Natural colors (vegetable or mineral) such as rhubarb, spruce, indigo and… due to their high stability, have an effective role in the originality, durability, purity and value of carpets. Chemical dyes are made from a combination of different materials. In fact, they are the same ink colors that are also known as aniline.

Common knots in carpet weaving: In carpet weaving, knots are made in two ways, Persian and Turkish. The method of knitting in the Turkish way is that the thread is pulled back from the two threads and next to them, and then it is returned to the front from inside the threads and tightened.

The Turkish knot is common in the weaving of the Turkmen and Azerbaijani tribes, the villages around Hamedan.

Weaving

.Carpet lint is created by knots that are made in the threads and cut by the hook blade. At the end of each ridge, the weft yarn is pulled on the side of the threads, then the wefted ridge is cut with a comb and the weaving ridge is cut, and the weaving work is done again in the previous order.

Carpet map

It is a design that is drawn by designers and planners on checkered paper. Sometimes a woven rug is used as a drawing. The most famous carpet designs are: Herati or Mahi, Bateh, Lachak and Toranj, Shah Abbasi, Jangali or Bid Majnoon, Joshaghani, Minakhani… In general, carpet designs have two types of broken and curved patterns.

rug

It is a woven kilim, without lint, which is woven with woolen, cotton or hemp yarn with taropod. In this way, cotton yarn is used as yarn and colorful wool yarn is used as weft. In kilim weaving, the map has little use and usually “role-playing” is done mentally. The kilims of each region have a special design and color, which is distinguished from other weaves due to its texture.

The kilim has a longer history than carpets. In fact, carpets have evolved over the centuries as a result of the evolution of kilims. For weaving kilims, vertical and horizontal beams are used, but more limited tools and raw materials are needed than carpet weaving.

Carpet weaving tools and equipment

1- Educational books
2- Slide with photo
3- Natural fibers (wool, cotton, silk)
4- Synthetic fibers
5- Natural colors
6- Chemical dyes
7- Accurate balance
8- Photos of raw materials
9- Proportion table of raw materials with counting
10- Picture of common carpet designs
11- Carpet map
12- Suitable for carpet weaving
13- Suitable yarn for spinning
14 – cantimeter
15- Work cap
16- Mouth mask
17- Fire extinguisher
18- First aid kit
19- Safety and health educational pictures

Carpet weaving steps

First, the weaving step is done, that is, cotton or wool yarn is connected vertically from top to bottom, which is known as “warp“.

After squatting, we have to put the map in front of us to know how to proceed.

Then, the weaving stage begins with fluff or colored wools. After each row, a knot, a row of “fabric” and a row of “fabric below” are done.

The carpet is usually woven from one corner and completed in width, which is called a ridge. After the end of each row, each of the warps and wefts should be tied and tapped on it to strengthen this knot. This will continue until the end of the carpet texture.

When the carpet, as the saying goes, reaches the size of four fingers, the scissors and the extra villi should be taken so that these villi do not stop the newer knots, and they do this with special scissors.

Carpet weaving terms

Carpet weaving terms include the following:

Wool

It is a protein and curly fiber that does not grow on sheepskinand emits a burning odor similar to that of burnt hair.

Fiber

Fine fibers are found in goat or camelhair, but in carpets, fine, long wool fibers (such as Merino sheep wool in Australia or Baluch) are called fluff.

Spring wool

It is a wool that is applied to the sheep during the last days of winter or the first days of spring, before the first spring rain, which is better than autumn wool due to its softness and long length and lack of thorns and debris.

Carpet yarn

In the art of carpet weaving, the wool yarn used for carpet lint, which is prepared in two layers, is called carpet yarn.

Metric

The unit of measurement for the thickness of wool cream is used in carpet weaving. The longitudinal number of one-layer woolen cream in meters, which weighs one gram, is called, so the higher the metric number, the finer the one-layer woolen cream becomes. The most common metric numbers in carpet yarn are 3 to 10.

Silk

Very long fibers are proteins that the silkworm secretes to produce cocoons around it.

Denir

The unit of measurement is the thicknessof silk fibers and the weight of 9000 meters is called silk fiber in terms of grams, so in contrast to the metric number, the higher the number of denier, the thicker the silk fiber becomes. Denier 60 to 160 is used in carpet weaving and finer (less than 60 denier) is used in textile weaving.

cotton

It is a cellulose fiber that is obtained from the cotton plant and evaporates due to the burning smell of burnt paper, and after being removed from the fire, it is extinguished, leaving a soft and powdery gray.

number

The number of 840 yards (one yarn = 91/44 cm) of spun yarn (HANK) is called single-ply cotton yarn per pound (one pound = 453.59 g) and is usually the number of single-ply cotton yarn used in carpet weaving 5, 10,

chord (bowstring)

Threads are thin, laminated, and cast, which are usually made of cotton and must be mounted vertically on the hanger to weave the carpet, and its job is to maintain the knots of the carpet. The fabric for fine-textured carpets is selected as silk in order to have the necessary strength, and in the textured carpets of nomadic and rural areas, the fabric is used for more resistance to cold and moisture, as well as to create the necessary softness and flexibility in the carpet.

To tie

It is called shining wool or silk creams around the edges of the carpet during weaving.

zare

The unit of measurement of carpet length is old, which is equal to 104 cm in Farsi-Baf, 108 cm in Kermani and 112 cm in Azeri-Baf.

charak

1/4 of an zare is called a quarter (charak), which is 26 cm in Persian-woven areas and 28 cm in Azeri-woven areas.

Knot zarei

It is called 16/1 cubic meters or 1.4 quarters of cubic knots, which is 6.5 cm in Farsi-Baf and 7 cm in Azeri-Baf areas.

raj

The longitudinal and transverse rows of nodes are called raj.

raj counter

The number of rows woven (or knotted) in a branch knot is called theraj number. The size of the arm knot depends on the style of carpet texture (Azeri or Persian).

root

The base of anything is called the root, which in a carpet is made by a pair of stitches (one stitch underneath and one stitch over), that is, the same roots. Obviously, if we remove the roots of the carpet (pairs of ridges) from the carpet structure, the carpet will be completely broken, and it is these roots that, after installation on the hanger, make it possible to weave and determine the dimensions and number of the carpet.

The length of the villi

The heightof the carpet villi is called.

Threading (chele keshi)

To install the yarn on the hanger to weave the carpet so that the yarns are one in the middle upside down It is said that the following layers are placed behind the carpet and are covered by pile bodies and the top layers are also placed inside the carpet.

ricochet

It is a piece of wood or a piece of pipe that changes the location of the folds up and down in the carpet and creates a cross-row within a few centimeters of the tail of the fabric.

Round plywood (plywood plywood)

In areas such as Kashan and Isfahan, and in order to create strength in the warps, first the thin threads of the warp are twisted in three groups and in a clockwise direction (S). Obviously, the more the number of layers and the warp of the yarn, the stronger the yarn.

weft

wefts They are also usually made of cotton and are used horizontally in the texture of the carpet and its task is to keep the wefts next to each other. Being and being easier is done with vanilla. Fabrics are divided into the following types depending on where they pass from above or below the cross or their thickness.

The following weft(thick weft)

In this type of weft, where the yarns are spun in one direction, the less the number of layers of yarn and the amount of warp, the better the weft underneath is thicker and it is passed directly under the cross of the carpet wefts.

Facial weft(thin weft)

In this type, more number of layers and warps should be used so that the fabric is thin while having the necessary strength.

Tissue tools

The tools used to weave carpets are said to be the most important of which are:

scaffold

A carpet weavingmachine made of wood or metal is called a hanger, the components of which are: Sardar Zirdar and Rast Roha.

border

It usually covers the central design of the carpet in two narrow and wide shapes, and the presence of a wide border between the narrow margins makes their number individual.

background

It is a part of the carpet that has flowers and design elements on it and is often chosen in lacquer, cream and crimson colors.

torang

The central part of the carpet, which is usually round or oval, is called torang.

sar torang

Usually, at the beginning and end of the bergamot design, a mold is drawn along with the components of the design, which are called sar torang.